Mysore Army’s Regiments

Tipu Sultan's Mysore army was a well-organized and formidable force during the late 18th century. His military was divided into various regiments, with a mix of traditional Indian arms and modern European-style military units. Here is a breakdown of the key regiments and formations in Tipu Sultan’s army:

 1. Infantry (Paidal)

   - Sibandi (Regular Infantry): The backbone of Tipu's army, these troops were organized into battalions and trained in modern European infantry tactics, mainly influenced by French advisors.

   - Irregular Infantry: These units included a mix of tribal warriors, local militias, and mercenaries. They were less disciplined but vital for guerrilla warfare and regional control.

2. Cavalry (Sawari)

   - Regular Cavalry: Equipped with swords, lances, and occasionally firearms, the cavalry regiments played a critical role in rapid mobility and offensive maneuvers.

   - Irregular Cavalry: Lightly armed horsemen, often used for scouting, raiding, and skirmishing.

   - Asad-i-Illahi (Tipu’s Special Cavalry): Elite cavalry units that were part of Tipu Sultan’s personal guard.

3. Artillery (Topkhana)

   - Field Artillery: Tipu invested heavily in artillery, both heavy and light. Cannons were a mix of traditional and imported European models.

   - Rocket Corps (Cushoon): Tipu Sultan is famously credited with developing and deploying advanced military rockets, which were used effectively against British forces. These were iron-cased rockets with a range of up to 2 kilometers.

   - Siege Artillery: Specialized in long-range bombardment and used during sieges of forts and strongholds.

4. Elephant Corps (Hathi)

   - Elephants were used both for logistical purposes, such as transporting heavy guns and supplies, and in battle, often leading charges.

5. Navy (Nawara)

   - Tipu Sultan, unlike many other Indian rulers of the time, made significant efforts to develop a naval force. He sought to build a fleet capable of defending his coastal territories and conducting naval warfare, but this part of his military was never fully realized due to British naval superiority.

6. French-trained Regiments

   - French officers played a significant role in restructuring Tipu’s army. Some regiments, especially in the infantry and artillery, were trained under French military officers, adopting European drill and battlefield tactics.

7. Zubur Khel

   - Elite skirmishers who specialized in ambushes, rapid attacks, and unconventional tactics. They often operated in difficult terrains like forests and hills.

8. Risala Khas (Royal Guard)

   - The royal guard regiments were personally loyal to Tipu Sultan and provided protection during battles and in his royal court. These units were equipped with the best weapons and armor.

Tipu Sultan's military reforms, especially in the infantry and artillery, reflected a blend of traditional Indian martial prowess with European modern military tactics. His emphasis on innovation, particularly the use of rockets and artillery, made the Mysore army one of the most advanced in India during his reign.